These revolutions were a series of revolts against European monarchies, starting in Sicily, and spreading into France, Germany, Italy, and the Austrian Empire. Each revolt all ended in failure and repression, and were followed by widespread disillusionment among liberals. The revolutionary movement began in Italy with a local revolution in Sicily in January 1848; and, after the revolution of February 24 in France, the movement went throughout Europe with the exception of Russia, Spain, and the Scandinavia. In Great Britain it resulted to a demonstration and a republican agitation in Ireland. In Belgium, the Netherlands, and Denmark it manifested itself in peaceful reforms of existing institutions; but democratic insurrections broke out in the capitals of the three great monarchies, Paris, Vienna, and Berlin, where the governments, rendered powerless by their fear of “the revolution,” did little to defend themselves. The revolution was successful in France alone; the Second Republic and universal manhood suffrage were established, but the quarrel between the supporters of the république démocratique and the partisans of république démocratique et sociale gathered in a workers’ insurrection in June 1848.